{"id":4406,"date":"2019-06-11T15:13:59","date_gmt":"2019-06-11T13:13:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/innohub13.de\/?page_id=4406"},"modified":"2020-06-03T15:29:43","modified_gmt":"2020-06-03T13:29:43","slug":"wissen-mqtt-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/innohub13.de\/en\/testbed\/wissen-mqtt-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Testbed | IoT Wissen: MQTT Grundlagen"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section bb_built=&#8220;1&#8243; specialty=&#8220;off&#8220; next_background_color=&#8220;#ffffff&#8220; inner_width_tablet=&#8220;50px&#8220; inner_max_width_tablet=&#8220;100px&#8220; inner_max_width_phone=&#8220;50px&#8220; _builder_version=&#8220;3.25.3&#8243; custom_margin=&#8220;0px||0px|&#8220; custom_padding=&#8220;0px||0px|&#8220; box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; box_shadow_vertical_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; box_shadow_blur_tablet=&#8220;40px&#8220; box_shadow_spread_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; z_index_tablet=&#8220;500&#8243; gutter_width=&#8220;2&#8243; background_position=&#8220;top_center&#8220; 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header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=&#8220;1px&#8220; box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; box_shadow_vertical_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; box_shadow_blur_tablet=&#8220;40px&#8220; box_shadow_spread_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; z_index_tablet=&#8220;500&#8243; text_text_align=&#8220;left&#8220; text_text_color=&#8220;#ffffff&#8220; text_font_size=&#8220;33px&#8220; background_layout=&#8220;dark&#8220; text_line_height=&#8220;1.3em&#8220;]<\/p>\n<p class=\"et_pb_module_header\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Testbed | IoT Wissen: MQTT Grundlagen<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8220;1&#8243; fullwidth=&#8220;off&#8220; specialty=&#8220;off&#8220; prev_background_color=&#8220;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8220;3.21.1&#8243; next_background_color=&#8220;#000000&#8243; inner_width=&#8220;auto&#8220; inner_max_width=&#8220;1080px&#8220;][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=&#8220;4_4&#8243; custom_padding__hover=&#8220;|||&#8220; custom_padding=&#8220;|||&#8220;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8220;Text &#8211; MQTT Grundlagen&#8220; _builder_version=&#8220;3.21.1&#8243; z_index_tablet=&#8220;500&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h1>MQTT Basics<\/h1>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-2169 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/innohub13.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/iot-3404892_960_720.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"785\" height=\"471\" srcset=\"https:\/\/innohub13.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/iot-3404892_960_720.jpg 960w, https:\/\/innohub13.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/iot-3404892_960_720-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/innohub13.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/iot-3404892_960_720-768x461.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 785px) 100vw, 785px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Das Message Queue Telemetry Transport (kurz MQTT) Protokoll wird f\u00fcr den Gro\u00dfteil der Kommunikation zwischen den verschiedenen Ger\u00e4ten genutzt. Der sowohl ISO- (ISO\/IEC PRF 20922), als auch OASIS-Standard MQTT gilt mittlerweile als der <a href=\"https:\/\/developer.ibm.com\/dwblog\/2016\/mqtt-de-facto-standard-iso-messaging\/?s_tact=C43301PW\">de facto Standard des IoT<\/a> und findet auch zunehmend Anwendung in industriellen Umgebungen. Das offene Nachrichtenprotokoll ist f\u00fcr die Machine-to-Machine-Kommunikation (M2M) konzipiert und hat einen <a href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/mqtt-protocol-messages-overview\/\">kleinen Overhead<\/a>, wodurch die Menge der transferierten Daten gering gehalten und das jeweilige Netzwerk nur wenig belastet wird. Diese ressourcenschonende Art der Kommunikation eignet sich bestens f\u00fcr die Kommunikation zwischen vielen Akteuren und ist daher pr\u00e4destiniert f\u00fcr IoT-Szenarien, zu welchen auch der vorliegende Anwendungsfall \u2013 das vernetzte Testbed \u2013 z\u00e4hlt.<\/p>\n<p>Die \u00dcbermittlung der Daten erfolgt ereignisgesteuert \u00fcber einen zentralen Broker. Eine MQTT-Nachricht besteht immer aus mindestens dem <em>Topic<\/em> und der <em>Payload<\/em>, dem eigentlichen Inhalt der Nachricht. Der Inhalt der Payload ist f\u00fcr den Broker irrelevant, denn alle Daten werden BASE64-codiert \u00fcbertragen. Topics hingegen werden genutzt um die Kommunikation zwischen den unterschiedlichen Teilnehmern (Clients) zu organisieren und haben eine hierarchische Struktur.<\/p>\n<p>Diese Struktur orientiert sich h\u00e4ufig an der r\u00e4umlichen Einordnung eines Kommunikationsteilnehmers. Die einzelnen Hierarchieebenen werden dabei durch Schr\u00e4gstriche getrennt. Beispiele f\u00fcr m\u00f6gliche Topics sind:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>haus14\/R233\/sensoren\/temperatur<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>deutschland\/berlin\/fahrzeuge\/79b229f8-8cee-11e9-bc42-526af7764f64\/geschwindigkeit<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>labore\/elektronik\/2\/netzteile\/3\/spannung<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Der Name eines Topics ist prinzipiell frei w\u00e4hlbar. Andere Teilnehmer (Clients) k\u00f6nnen diese Topics abonnieren (<em>subscribe<\/em>) und empfangen jede Nachricht, die auf dem entsprechenden Topic ver\u00f6ffentlicht wird (<em>publish<\/em>), irrelevant von welchem Client diese stammt. Die Existenz eines Topics muss dem Broker nicht explizit mitgeteilt werden, sondern es k\u00f6nnen theoretisch auf jedem beliebigen Topic Nachrichten ver\u00f6ffentlicht werden. Eine Zugriffsverwaltung, die regelt, wer Nachrichten auf welchen Hierarchieebenen ver\u00f6ffentlichen oder abonnieren darf, kann und sollte brokerseitig implementiert werden, ist jedoch prinzipiell nicht Teil des MQTT-Protokolls (siehe Abschnitt &#8222;Sicherheit&#8220; weiter unten im Text).<\/p>\n<p>Ein Client kann entweder ein (oder mehrere) spezifische Topics abonnieren oder mit Hilfe von Wildcards ganze Teile der Hierarchie auf einmal abonnieren. Das Zeichen \u201e+\u201c gilt dabei als Wildcard f\u00fcr eine einzelne Hierarchieebene und das Zeichen \u201e#\u201c, welches immer am Ende eines Topics stehen muss, gilt f\u00fcr alle folgenden Hierarchieebenen inkl. aller Unterebenen. Folgende Beispiele veranschaulichen die Funktionsweise der Wildcards in Topics des MQTT-Protokolls:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>haus12\/+\/jalousie\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>labore\/logistik\/#<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Mehr Beispiele und weiterf\u00fchrende Informationen zur Verwendung von Topics und Wildcards finden Sie im entsprechenden <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hivemq.com\/blog\/mqtt-essentials-part-5-mqtt-topics-best-practices\">Blogatrtikel von HiveMQ<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Optionale Eigenschaften eines MQTT-Clients<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><u>Persistent Session<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Wenn ein Client die Verbindung zum Server verliert, gewollt oder ungewollt, sind normalerweise alle abonnierten Topics verschwunden und m\u00fcssen neu hinzugef\u00fcgt werden. Dieses Verhalten wird \u201eClean Session\u201c bezeichnet. In bestimmten Anwendungsf\u00e4llen kann es allerdings sehr m\u00fchsam sein, zuvor abonnierte Topics wieder hinzuzuf\u00fcgen, wenn es sich z.B. um eine Vielzahl von Sensoren an unterschiedlichen Standorten handelt. F\u00fcr diese F\u00e4lle gibt es die M\u00f6glichkeit einer \u201ePersistent Session\u201c. Hier werden nicht nur die Topics eines Clients vom Server vorgehalten, sondern auch alle Nachrichten mit dem QoS Level 1 und 2, die den Client seit dem letzten Verbindungsabbruch nicht erreicht haben.<\/p>\n<p><u>Last Will &amp; Testament<\/u><\/p>\n<p>MQTT-Clients ist es m\u00f6glich, dem Broker beim Verbinden eine \u201eLast Will &amp; Testament\u201c (LWT) -Nachricht bekannt zu geben. Diese Nachricht wird gesendet, falls der Client die Verbindung zum Server ungewollt verliert. Dadurch l\u00e4sst sich z. B. eine \u00dcbersicht \u00fcber den Verbindungsstatus eines Clients realisieren<\/p>\n<p><strong>Optionale Eigenschaften einer MQTT Nachricht<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><u>Quality of Service<\/u><\/p>\n<p>MQTT bietet f\u00fcr die Spezifizierung der Semantik des Nachrichtentransfers drei Level von Quality of Service (QoS) an. Daf\u00fcr sind im Header der Nachricht zwei Bit reserviert, die bei jeder Nachricht das Level angeben. Die Bedeutung der unterschiedlichen Level ist wie folgt:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Level 0: Die Nachricht wird einmalig gesendet und anschlie\u00dfend verworfen. Damit ist nicht sichergestellt, dass diese ankommt.<\/li>\n<li>Level 1: Es wird sichergestellt, dass die Nachricht mindestens einmal beim jedem Subscriber ankommt. Es kann aber vorkommen, dass die Nachricht mehrfach von einem Subscriber empfangen wird.<\/li>\n<li>Level 2: Im h\u00f6chsten Level der QoS wird sichergestellt, dass die Nachricht genau einmal von den Subscribern empfangen wird.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Je h\u00f6her das Level der QoS, desto h\u00f6her ist die ben\u00f6tigte Servicezeit des Brokers f\u00fcr die Nachrichtenverteilung. Die Verwendung des jeweiligen QoS-Levels h\u00e4ngt vom Einsatzfall ab und sollte nicht pauschal als Restriktion f\u00fcr alle vorgegeben werden.<\/p>\n<p><u>Retained Messages<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Nachrichten k\u00f6nnen vom sendenden Client als \u201eRetained Message\u201c (aufbewahrte Nachrichten) markiert werden. Diese werden vom Broker zwischengespeichert und jeder Client, der das Topic mit der Retained Message abonniert, bekommt automatisch die letzte Nachricht mit einer Retained Kennzeichnung. Bei Temperaturdaten kann es beispielsweise sinnvoll sein Retained Messages zu aktivieren, damit ein neuer Subscriber nicht auf die n\u00e4chste \u00c4nderung warten muss bis er den aktuellen Status empf\u00e4ngt, sondern sofort die letzte Meldung erh\u00e4lt.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sicherheit<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Da das MQTT Protokoll auf dem TCP\/IP Stack basiert, besteht die M\u00f6glichkeit einer standardisierten Verschl\u00fcsselung auf Transportebene mit Hilfe von TLS\/SSL. Um diese Art der Verschl\u00fcsselung zu nutzen, ben\u00f6tigt der MQTT Broker ein X509 Zertifikat, bevorzugt von einer offiziellen Zertifizierungsstelle signiert, um die sp\u00e4tere Verifizierung des Servers durch den Client zu erleichtern. Des Weiteren wird f\u00fcr die verschl\u00fcsselte Kommunikation ein separater Listener auf einem extra Port erstellt, standardm\u00e4\u00dfig ist dieser Port 8883. Nun k\u00f6nnen Clients, die die M\u00f6glichkeit der verschl\u00fcsselten Kommunikation via TLS\/SSL unterst\u00fctzen, \u00fcber diesen Port verschl\u00fcsselt mit dem MQTT Broker Nachrichten austauschen.<\/p>\n<p>Eine weitere M\u00f6glichkeit die Kommunikation mit dem MQTT Broker abzusichern besteht darin, durch einen Authentifizierungsmechanismus die Nutzer zu begrenzen. Das Protokoll verf\u00fcgt daf\u00fcr \u00fcber Nutzernamen und Passwort Felder in der \u201eCONNECT\u201c Nachricht. Der Abgleich des Nutzernamens mit dem Passwort erfolgt brokerseitig, eine Methodik daf\u00fcr ist nicht standardisiert und muss vom Administrator h\u00e4ndisch eingerichtet werden. <em>Hierbei empfiehlt es sich ausdr\u00fccklich auf standardisierte, \u00f6ffentlich zug\u00e4ngliche Sicherheitsmechanismen zur\u00fcckzugreifen und keine eigenen Mechanismen zu programmieren!<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Eine weitere M\u00f6glichkeit der brokerseitigen Absicherung der MQTT Kommunikation besteht in der Erstellung von Autorisierungskonzepten. Diese Autorisierung kann jede erdenkliche Form annehmen, z. B. nutzerspezifisch, nutzergruppenspezifisch oder zertifikatsbasierend. Die Implementierung der Logik liegt erneut vollkommen frei in der Hand der Administratoren.<\/p>\n<p>Abschlie\u00dfend besteht noch die M\u00f6glichkeit der Nachrichtenverschl\u00fcsselung auf Applikationsebene. Diese ist abh\u00e4ngig von den jeweiligen Clients und kann unabh\u00e4ngig vom Broker von jedem Client eingesetzt werden.<\/p>\n<p>Es ist hierbei, wie bei allen \u00fcbrigen Sicherheitsmechanismen, zu beachten, dass jegliche Erh\u00f6hung der Sicherheit immer zu Performanceeinbu\u00dfen f\u00fchrt. Es kann daher Sinn machen, bei besonders zeitkritischen Anwendungsf\u00e4llen komplett auf Sicherheitsmechanismen zu verzichten um die Leistung des Gesamtsystems zu optimieren. Es empfiehlt sich in jedem Fall die Besonderheiten des jeweiligen Anwendungsfalles zu betrachten und die Sicherheitsanforderungen individuell zu bestimmen.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8220;1&#8243; fullwidth=&#8220;off&#8220; specialty=&#8220;off&#8220; prev_background_color=&#8220;#000000&#8243; inner_width=&#8220;auto&#8220; inner_max_width=&#8220;1080px&#8220; next_background_color=&#8220;#005ca9&#8243;][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=&#8220;1_2&#8243; custom_padding__hover=&#8220;|||&#8220; custom_padding=&#8220;|||&#8220;][et_pb_cta admin_label=&#8220;Zur\u00fcck-Button&#8220; _builder_version=&#8220;3.21.1&#8243; button_text=&#8220;Zur\u00fcck zum Testbed&#8220; button_url=&#8220;https:\/\/innohub13.de\/testbed\/#vernetzung&#8220; background_color=&#8220;#005ea8&#8243; use_background_color=&#8220;off&#8220; background_layout=&#8220;light&#8220; header_text_color=&#8220;#005ea8&#8243; body_text_color=&#8220;#005ea8&#8243; 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header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=&#8220;header_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&#8243; header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=&#8220;1px&#8220; header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=&#8220;header_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&#8243; header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=&#8220;header_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&#8243; header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=&#8220;header_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&#8243; header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=&#8220;1px&#8220; header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=&#8220;header_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&#8243; header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=&#8220;header_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&#8243; header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=&#8220;header_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&#8243; header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=&#8220;1px&#8220; header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=&#8220;header_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&#8243; header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=&#8220;header_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&#8243; header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=&#8220;header_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&#8243; header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=&#8220;1px&#8220; header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=&#8220;header_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&#8243; header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=&#8220;header_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&#8243; header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=&#8220;header_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93&#8243; header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=&#8220;1px&#8220; box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; box_shadow_vertical_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; box_shadow_blur_tablet=&#8220;40px&#8220; box_shadow_spread_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; z_index_tablet=&#8220;500&#8243; custom_margin=&#8220;||0px|&#8220; custom_padding=&#8220;||0px|&#8220;]<\/p>\n<p class=\" translation-block\">The <strong>\"Innovation Hub 13 - Fast Track to Transfer\" <\/strong>of the Technical University of Wildau and the Brandenburg Technical University of Cottbus-Senftenberg is one of the 29 selected winners of the federal government funding initiative \"Innovative College\", equipped with funds of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research BMBF And the state of Brandenburg. Further information can be found at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.innovative-hochschule.de\/de\/startseite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer external\" data-wpel-link=\"external\" class=\"wpel-icon-right\">www.innovative-hochschule.de<span class=\"wpel-icon wpel-image wpel-icon-6\"><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image admin_label=&#8220;Logoleiste&#8220; global_parent=&#8220;7758&#8243; _builder_version=&#8220;3.25.3&#8243; src=&#8220;https:\/\/innohub13.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Logoleiste_InnovationHub13_Webseite.png&#8220; box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; box_shadow_vertical_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; box_shadow_blur_tablet=&#8220;40px&#8220; box_shadow_spread_tablet=&#8220;0px&#8220; z_index_tablet=&#8220;500&#8243; \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Testbed | IoT Wissen: MQTT Grundlagen Testbed | IoT Wissen: MQTT Grundlagen <div class=\"et_pb_row et_pb_row_0 et_pb_row_empty\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div> MQTT Grundlagen &nbsp; Das Message Queue Telemetry Transport (kurz MQTT) Protokoll wird f\u00fcr den Gro\u00dfteil der Kommunikation [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":2169,"parent":3767,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/innohub13.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4406"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/innohub13.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/innohub13.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/innohub13.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/innohub13.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4406"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/innohub13.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4406\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8583,"href":"https:\/\/innohub13.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4406\/revisions\/8583"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/innohub13.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3767"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/innohub13.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2169"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/innohub13.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4406"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}